Homeland Security Department Plays Very Significant Role in Ensuring Research Paper

Country Security Department Plays Very Significant Role in Ensuring Security of the US - Research Paper Example The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is a government knowledge organization vigorously engaged with country security since its foundation in the year 1947. The organization is associated with giving security insight on a national scale to USA’s senior arrangement producers and implementers. The agency’s chief is selected by the President on the assent and guidance of the state senate. The delegated executive manages the agency’s financial plan, work force and tasks. At present, the quantity of individuals working in CIA can't be uncovered openly either is its spending plan. The agency’s spending plan and the quantity of representatives are known and examined uniquely by the Budget the executives office and the Senate Intelligence board of trustees. The office has various obligations in the country security arrangement: Its most essential crucial to accumulate, dissect, lead assessment, and spread knowledge esteemed outside with the point of helping the co untry’s President and significant level approach creators in the legislature in detailing key choices that are identified with the general security of the nation (Gurr et al, 2009). This mind boggling process coordinates various advances. ID of a national security issue, the assortment of data, surveying present and saw future circumstances dependent on the gathered data, are certainly a portion of these means (Douglas and Olshaker, 1999). The office investigators just report the gathered data and are not at all ordered to make any strategy suggestions (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). Making strategy proposals is left to other related organizations, for example, the Defense Department and the State Department. The CIA is likewise not engaged with law authorization that is finished by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigations) (Douglas and Olshaker, 1999). The office can likewise be occupied with activities considered incognito dependent on the President’s arranges in accor dance with the material law(s). CIA’s job in Homeland security is broadly significant. Its associationâ with Homeland Security is commonly founded on the agency’s four segments/offices that cooperate in the procedures of gathering data, breaking down the gathered data, and spreading it to senior authorities in governmentâ

Case Study I COnsent, Safety, and Firefighter Culture Essay

Contextual analysis I COnsent, Safety, and Firefighter Culture - Essay Example (p. 40) As such, â€Å"they offer an auxiliary, reproduced set of implications as opposed to the essential ‘life world’ ones† ((p. 40). Deetz was underlining the impacts of created specific foundations dissolving elements of the family and the network in organizing one’s needs throughout everyday life. The suggestions on this announcement are: (1) staying alert that organizations have various objectives from individual objectives, one ought to be perceive that fortifying individual desires would upgrade the protection of customary family esteems and empower network ties; (2) one ought to perceive that companies exist to halfway satisfy individual objectives and ought to be not totally understood as the sole supplier of one’s individual needs; and (3) the family remains the essential unit of network and ought not be supplanted by the partnership where one has ongoing ties. Question 2: Critical scholars guarantee that so as to find the profound structures of intensity in the association, an individual must glance at the impacts of the economy, governmental issues, and social frameworks as powers that shape the authoritative culture. For what reason is this significant and what methods of reasoning ought to be embraced by the basic analyst? A basic specialist uses points of view to assess data and properly applies ends to control dynamic procedures. The structure applied by a basic scientist is related with methods of exactness, rationale, profundity, decency, validity and scholarly lucidity. All things considered, in finding the powers that shape hierarchical culture, the basic analyst must know about the accessibility and availability of applicable data relating to the accompanying four zones, indeed: (1) propels in science and innovation, (2) worldwide redistribution of information, influence and riches, (3) contending political, social, and strict philosophies, and (4) maintainability of

Corn is Our Every Day Food

Ruler Corn is a 2007 narrative movie discharge coordinated by Aaron Woolf. The film follows two school companions Curtis Ellis and Ian Cheney (co-makers of the film) as they venture from Boston to Green Iowa in their central goal to grow a section of land of corn. The film investigates wellbeing burdens in America through the diverse focal point of corn, one of America’s humble grains, and how it influences the American society.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Corn is Our Every Day Food explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the film, Woolf and his co-makers, Ellis and Cheney give unquestionable confirmation that America is for all intents and purposes suffocating in corn. Corn starch, corn supper, hydrologized corn protein just as high fructose corn syrup are fixings used to fuel numerous modest nourishment items particularly quick food sources. The film exhibits that choice on what kinds of yields ought to be developed and how they ought to be developed in America are made based on financial thought dismissing social and natural outcomes. After amazingly finding (through a lab hair examination) that corn shapes the significant piece of their substantial organization, Chaney and Ellis choose to follow how their bodies wound up being made of corn. Woolf catches the 11-moth endeavors of Ellis and Cheney, who follow their family to the humble community of Iowa to develop corn. In the wake of meeting Chuck Pyatt, a rancher who eagerly loans them a section of land of land, the two meet students of history, agronomists too different specialists for guidance before the planting season (King Corn). With the assistance of other genuine ranchers, government help, and loadsof composts, the two plant an entire section of land of hereditarily altered corn seeds. Before the collecting season, Ellis and Cheney make an excursion to follow where their corn goes to in the wake of leaving the grain lift. Incredibly, they find that thei r corn is bound for one of the two significant American Industries. That is corn syrup or creature feed. They travel to Colorado and contrast the grass took care of dairy cattle with con-took care of partners. They additionally travel to New York and investigate the connections that exist between corn syrup, diabetes and obesity.Advertising Looking for article on horticulture? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More in light of the experiences introduced above unmistakably corn is a significant supporter of stoutness which is one of America’s significant pandemic. As the showed in the film narrative, corn is a key fixing that discreetly fills pretty much every nourishment item in the American culture particularly quick food sources. Practically these quick nourishments are wealthy in high fructose corn syrup that represents around 40% of caloric sugars utilized by ventures in the United States (Liu p.1). As indicated by an exam ination by the Princeton University inquire about group high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is profoundly liable for the expansion in the pace of corpulence particularly kid stoutness. Children in America are developing in a domain brimming with items made of HFCS. This builds the opportunity of having hefty youngsters who will likewise drag this stoutness to their grown-up hood. As per this discharge, Americans use 60 pounds of sugars every year which puts numerous individuals at the danger of weight. The examination showed that high and long haul utilization of HFCS prompts anomalous expanded fat muscle versus fat particularly in the stomach area just as increment in triglycerides (flowing blood fats) which are an indication of metabolic disorder (Center for Consumer Freedom 106). All in all, the film presents an in the background image of how Americans unconsciously put their wellbeing and lives in danger consistently. The narrative prompts the crowd to give nearer consideration to t he peril that lies in their ordinary dinners which are wealthy in corn syrup, a significant supporter of stoutness in America. Ruler Corn is an inventive and viable method for driving the wellbeing mindfulness message home. The makers have had the option to communicate logical realities and studies that would somehow be exhausting to watchers in a manner that is both educational and engaging. The significance of corn, which structures some portion of each American’s dinner, is unmistakably and successfully featured. The wellbeing ramifications of weight have likewise been communicated unmistakably and the source of inspiration is clear. The film urges Americans to consider what they eat. It additionally urges them to peruse the fine print of nourishment marks, demanding that the lives of their own families might be in question. The film drives home the point that, one of America’s most serious perils, may simply lie in your next bite.Advertising We will compose a custo m exposition test on Corn is Our Every Day Food explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Center for Consumer Freedom. A plague of weight fantasies. Washington D. C: Center for Consumer Freedom, 2005. Liu, David. High fructose corn syrup the reason for corpulence pestilence, new investigation proposes. Web. Woolf, Aaron (Dir). Ruler Corn. Amherst : Balcony Releasing, October 12, 2007. This article on Corn is Our Every Day Food was composed and put together by client Curt Conners to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Financial Management Statement - Free Essay Example

Question: SAS No. 31, Evidential matter, identifies five management assertions that underlie a set of financial statements. Which of these assertions should have been of most concern to Price Waterhouse regarding the large period-ending adjustments AMRE recorded during the fourth quarter of fiscal 1989? AMREs fourth-quarter write-offs were large adjustments accepted by Price Waterhouse before issuing the unqualified opinion on the 1989 financial statements. These write-offs where fictitious assets that were written-off as losses or expenses in attempt to end the fraudulent activities that had been taking place. SAS No. 31 on evidential matter obtained from an auditor provides a greater assurance of reliability than from an internal source. The auditor is an independent and unbiased collector of the evidential matter versus an internal source that may not be. There are five management assertions that underlie a set of financial statements. The auditors must have evidence to support the information in the financial statements that supports the existence or occurrence, completeness, rights and obligations, valuation or allocation, and presentation and disclosure. The evidential matter is obtained through inspection, observation, inquires and confirmations. The measure of the validity of such evidence for audit is the auditors judgment. The relevance, objectivity, timeliness, and the existence of the evidential matter lead to the auditors conclusions. This evidential matter is the underlying data for the auditor to make their decisions. The first assertion about existence or occurrence relates to the verification of the assets and liabilities exist at a given date. They verify that the transactions have for the assets and liabilities have been recorded during the correct period. An example is the inventories included in the balance sheet need to be verified by observing the physical inventory counts. The records need to be reviewed for the inventory, production, and purchasing. This existence assertion should have been of most concern to the Price Waterhouse auditors. Since there was a large period-ending adjustment being done by AMRE, the auditors should have first done an existence assertion to verify assets exist. The assets being written off should have been physically verified which should have shown that they were fictitious. Given that the assets being written-off were fictitious and the auditors didnt verify the existence of these assets, the fraud was not discovered during the audit. Assertions about completeness relate to the verification of all the transactions and accounts are correctly represented in the financial statements. An example is that the inventory quantities need to include all products, materials and supplies. The quantities owned by the company that are in transit or stored at outside locations need to be included. This assertion applies for the auditors in the AMRE case but should not have been of most concern. The auditors could have verified all of the transactions and accounts are in the financial statements but the issue in the AMRE case was that there were fictitious assets written-off. Verifying the transactions and accounts being in the financial statements may not have uncovered this fraud. Assertions about rights and obligations relate to the verification that the assets are owned by the company or that have the rights to the asset. Similarly, it verifies that the liabilities are obligations of the company. Auditors need to examine the vendor invoices, consignment agreements, and contracts. This assertion should not the highest concern for the auditors but it does apply. The year-end write-offs should have been verified that the AMRE had rights to the asset by verifying the invoices. This may have uncovered that the assets were fictitious. Assertions about valuation or allocation relate to the verification that the assets, liability, equity, revenue, and expenses have been included in the financial statement with the correct amounts. An example is that the inventories must be stated at the lower of cost or market. Auditors also need to review the direct labor and standard overhead rates. They need to review the inventory turnover and look at industry trends. This assertion should not have been of the most concern to the auditors in this case but is an important one. If the auditors would have done a valuation assertions to verify that the assets were included in the financial statements were the correct amount, they should have under covered that they were incorrectly stated or fictitious. I believe that the existence assertion is of most concern but this assertion would be the next most important concern related to the yearend adjustments. Assertions about presentation and disclosure relate to the verification that the components of the financial statements are properly classified, described, and disclosed. Auditors need to compare the disclosures in the financial statements to the requirements of GAAP. This assertion was not an issue in the AMRE case. There was no mention of issues found with the financial statements being properly classified, described or disclosed. In the AMRE case, Price Waterhouse auditors didnt apply any of these auditing procedures to review the large losses from the elimination of the Decks divisions. Instead, they accepted the clients explanations for these write-offs. The staff auditor inquired why the large number of unset leads was being dropped. The response from the AMRE accountant was that the unset leads had been improperly recorded. Given this, the staff auditor didnt inquire any further and concluded that it was an isolated incident. A key factor that influenced the auditors was their former colleague being the CFO. The auditors should have followed the auditing procedures in understanding these large write-offs and should not have been changed their auditing methods because they knew the CFO. In conclusion, the existence or occurrence assertion should have been of most concern to the AMRE auditors Price Waterhouse regarding the large period-ending adjustments recorded during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 1989. The evaluation or allocation assertion would be the next highest concern because it relates to the verification that the assets and expenses have been included in the financial statement with the correct amounts. But the existence assertion relates to the verification of the assets and liabilities exist at a given date. If the auditors would have followed this, they should have found that fictitious assets that were written-off did not exist. References Contemporary Auditing Real Issues Cases by Michael Knapp Auditing Management Assertions: The Impact of SAS No. 106 by Deborah Archambeault at https://www.tncpa.org/Journal/articles/Auditing_Management_Assertions.pdf

Antecedent Factors in the Mobile Phone Industry Research Proposal

Essays on Antecedent Factors in the Mobile Phone Industry Research Proposal The paper "Antecedent Factors in the Mobile Phone Industry" is an excellent example of a research proposal on marketing. The mobile phone market has become increasingly competitive over the 25 years of its existence with about 1 billion units being sold a year (Woyke, 2008). The demand for mobile phones is not simply as a communication device but more as an entertainment and fashion product, having encompassed features like camera, multimedia messaging, internet access color screens and so on. Till the end of 2007, worldwide sale of mobile phones was 289 units, 15 percent higher than the previous year. Although Samsung from Korea had taken over the American company Motorola, becoming number 2 in the global market, Nokia, the Finnish company, continues to be the leader. Nokia has not only introduced new mobile models, but it has also engaged in aggressive price cuts, with the average price of its handsets reduced to Euro 82 from Euro 90. In the first quarter of 2007, Nokia’s sh ipment of mobile handsets was 252, only 12 percent higher than the shipment in the same quarter the previous year, according to Strategy Analytics. Till then, the quarter to quarter growth rates had been over 20 percent. Although by 2007, Nokia’s market share was 36 percent, compared to 33 percent the previous year (Ecommerce Times).Source: Guardian, 2007Nokia has targeted low-income customers to increase its market share by reducing the average price and increasing the number of low-priced products so that 40 percent of its revenues are derived from these products in low-income markets like Asia and Latin America (Ewing, 2008). Hence, Nokia has a 46 percent market share in Asia and 66 percent in Africa. Competitors have observed the rise in replacement demand in mobile phones with new features in these markets. Sony Ericcson of Japan has already introduced two new models, including AM/FM radio with speakers.The mobile phone market is a global one, with companies from various countries competing in all markets. Although Nokia, is the global market leader, it faces stiff competition from companies from other countries. The new entrants from Asia – Samsung and Sony Ericcson – have been providing stiff competition to Nokia since 2004, particularly in Asian markets. The fiercest threat that Nokia now faces is from a new company, Canada’s Research in Motion, which introduced the Blackberry as well as from Apple, which has graduated from a computer company to a communication one with its iPhone that has very attractive design elements (Woyke, 2008).The main driver of mobile phone demand of late has been the markets in India, China, Africa and Latin America (PMN, 2007). These markets contribute to a large proportion of new subscribers globally as well as the replacement demand from new customers who bought their first mobile 18 to 24 months ago. Nokia has been able to capture both these segments in these emerging markets.

Effect on Staff Health and Attendance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Impact of long working hours upon the health of nurses within an acute healthcare setup. Answer: Introduction Work life balance is one of the most talked about concepts within the current day workplace scenario as stress in the place of work has been seen to affect the physical and mental health of individuals considerably. The current study focuses upon the impact of long working hours upon the health of nurses within an acute healthcare setup. The current research project conducts a pilot study of the various factors within a workplace setting that can have a profound effect on staff health and attendance. Here, sudden increases in the absence of the nursing staffs have been noted which could be attributed to long working hours. The sudden changes in the shift duration of 7.5 hours to 12 hours have drastically increased the sickness rate among the staffs. The longer duration of work, lack of sleep and rest can be some of the instigating factors in deteriorating the health of employed nurses within a health care set up. Reports and evidence have also directly correlated increased rate of accidents to overtired healthcare staffs (Leow Chan, 2017). The absence of an adequate number of staffs can also affect the care quality and the services offered within a clinical, set up. In the current assignment, we have tried to focus upon the key pieces of evidence which reflect upon the chosen scenario. The methodology of the research had also been designed in accordance with the requirements of data analysis and interpretation. The goal of the assignment is to highlight the contributing factors towards increasing work pressure which has a negative impact on the mental, emotional and physical well being of a staff. Apart from longer shift durations, there are other contributing factors which also affect the well being of the staff such as workpl ace infrastructural support which is a necessary component and should be planned carefully (Penkunas et al., 2016). Research question, aim and hypothesis Aim: To investigate the claim about the effect of significant long working hours over the health of nursing professionals Research question What is the impact of long working hours upon the health of nursing professionals? Hypothesis H0= Long working hours are not responsible for deterioration of health of the nursing staff H1= Long working hours are responsible for health deterioration in the nursing staff Key pieces of evidence relevant to chosen scenario There has been evidence in the past where an overtired nurse has forgotten to brief regarding the most important details pertaining to the health of a patient in emergency trauma care to the concerned staff during shift change. As commented by Lin, Liao, Chen Fan (2014), such overtired staff has also been represented by a massive number of employee or staff turnover. Therefore, a detailed study had been conducted over here exploring the different areas of work division and maintenance of work-life balance within an acute care setup. As commented by Zboril-Benson (2016), long durations combined with rotational shifts may actually take the health of the nursing staff adding to fatigue which may impact the quality of healthcare services. However as argued by Kuo, Lin Li (2014), despite regulations for cumulative shift length for residential physicians and workers in other industries such policy and framework are lacking the nurses. The long working hours have been seen to result in gr eater amount of burnout within the nursing professionals (Steinmetz, de Vries Tijdens, 2014). Burnout could be characterised by emotional exhaustion, lack of attachment to patients, which could greatly impair the care services (Jamieson, Kirk, Wright Andrew, 2015). In this respect, additional data collection and research analysis mentioned that nurses working overtime would often not communicate well with the patients; neither were some of the crucial things such as pain well managed or controlled (Volpe et al., 2014). Some of the regulatory bodies such as Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have restricted the working or shift hours of the physicians. In this respect, three separate aspects could be discussed in detail which consecutively impacts the health of the nursing professionals such as lack of sleep, extended work hours and rotational shifts. The lack of sleep has been one of the most common factors affecting the health of the nursing professionals. As commented by Griffiths et al. (2014), less sleep can result in a number of problems such as mood disorders, deficit of attention at place of work. These factors can significantly contribute to the deterioration of overall health and well being of a person. The ex tended work hours and consecutive shifts have often been related to digestive disorders, hypertension within the nursing staffs. Reports and evidence have shown that a clear link exists between sleep deprivation and obesity. As commented by Allen, Holland Reynolds (2015), short sleep duration has been seen to develop the tendency of glucose tolerance and promote incidents of diabetes in women. In this respect, insufficient sleep has been seen to result in occurrences of cardiovascular diseases among the healthcare professionals. Additionally, less sleep has been seen to cause hormonal misbalance by disturbing the levels of leptin, cortisol and thyrotropin (Gross, 2017). Some of these hormones have been seen to control the menstrual cycles in women. Thus, disruption in the normal hormonal levels can result in mood disorders and related health problems. The lack of sleep has also been correlated with less immunity in the healthcare staff (Sanso et al., 2015). However, workings for more than 40 hours per week affect the health of the nursing professional to a great extent (Jennings, Clifford, Fox, OConnell Gardner, 2015). The extended shifts have been associated with increased musculoskeletal injuries, cardiovascular conditions and development of hypertension. The increased neck and muscular discomfort due to working long hours have also been seen to affect the staff attendance (Sacco, Ciurzynski, Harvey Ingersoll, 2015). In this respect, the nursing professionals have often been seen to take longer holidays or miss duties owing to stiffness or pain in the body. As asserted by Arnold, Teijlingen, Ryan Holloway (2015), a satisfied staff have been seen to reduce incidents of massive turnover at workplace. Hierarchy of evidence Figure 1: Hierarchy of evidence (Source: Allen, Holland Reynolds, 2015) The literature sources used above are cross-sectional studies conducted under randomised control trials and helps in comparing between control and intervention groups. The hierarchy of evidence can be further divided into seven different levels or cycles. The level 1 emphasizes upon systematic review of randomised controlled trials. In the second level, the search strategy is further narrowed down where singly randomised trials are taken into consideration. From level 3 to 4 correlational and observational studies are conducted where different case studies are analysed further to find out the common patterns. This further helps in addressing the identified gaps or loopholes in the current situation. The level 5 to 6 focuses on data collection methods such as quantitative/qualitative research design. For the present study, we have taken into consideration face-to-face interview methods along with survey for collection of data regarding the problem situation of increased rate of health -related absence from work. The responses will be further compared with expert opinions and management authorities in charge of the nursing services delivery. Research pilot design Background analysis There have been incidents where the nurses have failed to keep a record of the exact medication doses to be delivered to the patients. This had resulted in cases of casualties within an acute care set up and often endangers reputation of the hospital. As per reports and evidence, several states such as California and Maryland have restricted longer work hours for the nurses (Jamieson, Kirk, Wright Andrew, 2013). However, no restrictions are imposed upon the voluntary overtime by the staffs of the hospital. Further research has highlighted two major contributing factors for wilful overtime by the nurses. These conditions could be summarised as shortage of nurses leading to more pressure on individual staffs along with weaker economy. However, such restriction of timings is yet to develop for the nurses. Reports and evidence have suggested that the normal accepted length of duty hours was put at 12 hours for most hospital set up on a larger scale. As argued by Lesuffleur, Chastang, Sandret Niedhammer (2014), most of the nurses have been found to be satisfied with long duty hours and would never complain. The reason was thought to be low salary being paid to the nurses; where a hike in the work hours would also mean a hike in the last drawn salary. Working on consecutive extended shifts can also increase the risk of workplace accidents (Sorenson, Bolick, Wright Hamilton, 2016). These accidents are often misinterpreted as carelessness by the staff. However, such carelessness often results due to excessive amount of fatigue present in the workers. Thus, the ergonomics or the workplace infrastructure are some other contributing factors and needs to be worked upon. As commented by Hassard et al. (2014), providing the staff with proper resting areas can help them to relax and unwind. Additionally, some of the other factors are provision of adequate facilities such as clean drinking water, changing rooms. Reports and evidence have suggested that providing the nursing professionals with suitable ergonomics can also help in reducing the grievances faced by them (Cheng Cheng, 2017). As commented by Harris, Sims, Parr Davies (2015), sufficient counselling and training could help the nursing professionals in coping up with increasing tension and work pressure. The training has also been seen to generate sufficient motivation in the staffs (Munabi, Buwembo, Kitara, Ochieng Mwaka, 2014). In this respect, providing the staff with performance bonus and incentives has also been seen to generate sufficient motivation within the staffs. Feasibility of the research In order to conduct a research successfully the feasibility options for conducting the research successfully have to be taken into consideration. In the current study, we have used both survey and questionnaire for the collection of relevant data regarding the increased absence of nursing staff from their place of work. Some of the feasibility issues which were faced by the researcher in conducting the survey and the interview were getting proper support from the management and the nursing staffs. Additionally, being at an arm's length from the hospices also affected the data collection procedure. The remote locations of some of the hospitals also resulted in accessibility issues, which further affected the authenticity of the results. Time The timing is a very important factor in ensuring the rate of success of a research project. In this respect, the limited time allotted for conducting the research study limited the scope of the research. Since the research had to be conducted within the hospital premises; therefore prior consent had to be taken from the respondents of the survey and interview process. Otherwise, any interruption within a busy hospital setting would have been considered as a violation of the research ethics and practices (Byrne Martin, 2014). Cost The budget allocation and costs associated with conducting a research project also have significant impact on the success rate of the project. The allocation of the budget could be done based upon the set of activities which are to be performed for the process of data collection and evaluation. A data plan entailing the amount spent upon each component of the research has been provided below. Activities Figures (in singapore dollars) Advertising (online promotion, designing posters, templates) S$ 0.2 million On field expenses (organizing surveys) S$ 0.3 million Research (collection of primary and secondary data about the issues faced by theworking professionals in healthcare) S$ 0.2 million Fundraising activities (inviting tenders, expression of interest) S$ 0.5 million Table 1: budget allocation (Source: author) Adverse events The adverse events in the context of healthcare could be described as any untoward incident that may occur during the process of care delivery by the nursing professionals. Some of the common phenomena which could be described over here are overdosing of patients by the fatigues or tired nursing staffs. The reporting of the adverse events can help in the identification of organizational, systematic and environmental problems (Ganster Rosen, 2013). There are a number of methods of reporting the adverse events including document review and surveillance of the clinical data. Therefore, the detailed analysis of the clinical data would help in analysing the factors which contributes towards increased rate of absentees among the nursing staffs. Database: NCBI, Pubmed, Cochrane library, MEDLINE. Is lack of sleep the cause behind increased rate of sickness absences in nursing staffs? Search topic Number of hits generated Workplace stress 52 Effect of stress on the physical and mental health of nursing staffs 65 Stress on absenteeism in workplace 50 Work life balance in improving health of the nursing staff 42 Systematic reviewed journals only 40 Limit the journals to last ten years only 35 Limit the journals to English language only 40 Table: search criteria (Source: Author) The literature has been supported through evidences from Randomised control trials (RCT) methods which belong to level 1 of evidence based studies. Effect size The effect size in a pilot study is a hypothetical focus group considered by the researcher initially which helps him in conducting a priori sample size calculation for future larger study. It further helps in the development of adequate statistical knowledge in the researcher. Methodology of the research The research had been conducted with the help of primary mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative research design). Here, quantitative study has been conducted with the help of designing a survey questionnaire. In this respect, an open-ended questionnaire is been presented to the health care staffs working in the hospital. The questions are designed pertaining to work-life balance, availability of growth opportunities, sufficient perks and incentives. The responses collected are used to design statistically significant results. Additionally, an interview is conducted by the hospital managers where the nursing staffs are questioned regarding the benefits of reducing shift hours on their physical and mental health. The comparative analysis helps in arriving at sufficiently evidence-based results. The methodology of the research has been further discussed with the help of individual research parameters as philosophy of the research, design, approach, strategy, type, data collection, data analysis, ethical and accessibility issues. Research approach There are two different types of research approaches such as inductive and deductive approaches. A thin line of difference lies between the two approaches being followed by the research methodology. In the current study, we have taken into consideration both the research approaches. The deductive approach is based upon testing an already published hypothesis whereas an inductive approach is concerned with new theory generation form the emerging data. The deductive approach is considered for quantitative studies; whereas the inductive approach is considered for conducting a qualitative study (Selamu et al., 2017). In the following assignment, we have taken into consideration both quantitative and qualitative study design. In the current study, we have conducted both survey and interviews for the purpose of data collection. Therefore, we have taken into consideration both the research methods and approaches. Sampling There are two main types of sampling methods such as simple random sampling methods and non-random sampling methods. In random sampling methods, we are providing each and every respondent equal opportunity to participate in the data collection process. In case of non-random sampling one generally follows a purposive mode of selection of the focus group for conducting the survey or the interview. For the current study design, we have followed a simple random sampling method. This provides every respondent equal opportunity of participating in the interview process. Here, the nursing staffs have been divided into two group where one of the groups have been put into twelve hours long shifts(control group) and the other group had been put into 8 to 9 hours shift (intervention group). The control and the intervention groups of nursing staffs have been reversed and vice-versa. The process has been executed for a period of four months and the comparative data collected for further analysis. Data collection The data collection is the most crucial part of a research project based upon which the entire evaluation is done. For the current study, primary data collection methods have been chosen. The primary design of data collection could be further divided into quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative data are collected through tools such as survey questionnaire. The responses collected through the survey questionnaire are represented into statistically significant results such as graphs and charts. Data analysis For the analysis of the data of primary mixed research design had been followed where the data have been collected through both interviews and surveys. In this respect, the recordings of the interview had been made into transcripts (Selamu, Thornicroft, Fekadu Hanlon, 2017). The statistically significant results collected through the survey are compared with the interview transcripts to arrive at cumulative responses. Research ethics A number of ethical considerations had to be taken into consideration during the conduct of the research. Some of the factors include taking proper consent from the respondents participating in the survey and interview process. In this respect, the participants have to be informed much in advance regarding the venue, timing of the interview process. The respondents could be reached over through a mail or by giving gentle reminders on the phone. In this respect, utmost care should be taken that none of the participants is forced to participate in the data collection process. Additionally, the entry and exit to the interview methods were kept open; that is the respondents were free to leave the premises of the interview at any point in time. With respect to reporting of adverse events, the survey respondents or participants of the interview need to given sufficient room for safeguarding their personal details. The Singapore Personal Data Protection Act (2012), ensures that confidential ity concerns of the participants are maintained and no personal data are shared without their consent ("About SingHealth - Singapore's Largest Healthcare Group - Singapore Health Hospitals and Doctors", 2018). Evidence in support of decisions and approaches For the dissemination of the objectives related to the pilot study, a number of steps could be followed. Firstly, strict rules limiting extensive work hours of the nursing professionals need to be imposed as per regulatory bodies such as ACGME. In the context of long working hours, the nurses need to be provided with sufficiently longer breaks, which would help them relax and freshen up before the next shift. In this respect, meetings could be organized with the board of directors giving them exact figures and statistics regarding the rates of untoward incidents which happen due to negligence at the time of delivery of duty by the overtired staffs. A well-entailed study of the past could be taken as an example for highlighting the problem areas where sufficient reforms and measures need to be implemented. The lack of proper scheduling during the roster preparation of the nurses can also lead to mishaps within healthcare settings. In this respect, steps could be taken to reduce the nu mber of consecutive rotational shifts within a single day for a nursing professional. This could be established by providing a sufficient number of backups and involving more number of staffs within the care procedure. Therefore, emphasis needs to be placed upon hiring and recruitment of more number of nursing professionals. In order to support the above-mentioned facts detailed study had been conducted with the help of sufficient literature analysis. Here, a number of questions related to compassionate fatigue have been asked to the participants of the survey and interview process as it is a common phenomenon among nursing staffs. In this respect, recurrent health checkups of the nursing professionals have been conducted. The results from repeated randomised control trials (RCTs) have shown that the healthcare staffs exposed to long duty hours reported gradual deterioration of health. The details from such health tests pointed at sudden increase in the blood glucose level and amount of hypertension. Therefore, sufficient measures need to be taken for checking and preventing rapid deterioration in the health of the nursing staffs. The concerned staffs could be provided with longer holidays for once in a while; which helps them in refreshing and rejuvenation. Discussion of barriers in implementation of the research objectives The current research has been designed with a view to investigating the claims of the manager who stated that inconscessantly long working hours contributes significantly to deteriorating the health conditions of the nursing professionals. For the dissemination of the objectives of the research project, a detailed qualitative and quantitative study method had been followed over here. In this respect, the individuals or participants taking part in the study design need to be informed well in advance regarding the venue, dates and timing of the interview process. Additionally, the personal and private details of the participants need to be preserved so that no confidential information is leaked out or misinterpreted. The consent from the respondents needs to be attained on signed papers highlighting in full details the terms and conditions of the survey process. In order to conduct the interview three different management lines of the organisation will be chosen such as the frontline manager, middle-level manager and the executive manager. The interview responses and later retrospection helps in highlighting the loopholes within the system and administration which are crucial in providing the staffs with a proper work-life balance. However, there are a number of barriers which are faced in the conduct of the research study. Some of the factors which play a governing role in the success of the research project are cost and timing of conducting the research. For designing of the interview and study design support and funding from the state and federal level is required. The entire consent and approval cycle takes huge amount of time which could have been otherwise vested in gathering sufficient and authentic data for the research project. Conclusion The current research project evaluates the effect of long working hours on the health of the various staffs and healthcare professionals. The study conducted here analyses the various factors which contribute towards the development of conditions where the nursing professionals have been absent from their work for a longer period of time. Further study and analysis have supported the supported and drawn various links between errors within the hospital and care set up and overworked staff. In the current study, a mixed research methodology has been followed for gathering and collection of sufficient data supporting the hypotheses. In this respect, implementation of alternative strategies and solutions such as provision of longer break hours along with paid holidays, work-based incentives can help in generating sufficient motivation in the staff. Additionally, providing the nurses with free health check-ups regularly can also reduce the occurrence of mishaps within a care setup. References About SingHealth - Singapore's Largest Healthcare Group - Singapore Health Hospitals and Doctors. (2018). Singhealth.com.sg. Retrieved 6 January 2018, from https://www.singhealth.com.sg/AboutSingHealth/Pages/Home.aspx Allen, B. C., Holland, P., Reynolds, R. (2015). The effect of bullying on burnout in nurses: the moderating role of psychological detachment.Journal of advanced nursing,71(2), 381-390. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12489 Arnold, R., Teijlingen, E., Ryan, K., Holloway, I. (2015). Understanding Afghan healthcare providers: a qualitative study of the culture of care in a Kabul maternity hospital.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,122(2), 260-267. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13179 Byrne, D. M., Martin, B. N. (2014). A solution to the shortage of nursing faculty: Awareness and understanding of the leadership style of the nursing department head.Nurse educator,39(3), 107-112. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000031 Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Lu, H. X., Feng, X. P. (2016). Factors associated with halitosis in white-collar employees in Shanghai, China.PloS one,11(5), e0155592. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155592 Cheng, W. J., Cheng, Y. (2017). Night shift and rotating shift in association with sleep problems, burnout and minor mental disorder in male and female employees.Occup Environ Med,74(7), 483-488. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103898 Dereen Houck, R. N. (2014). Helping nurses cope with grief and compassion fatigue: An educational intervention.Clinical journal of oncology nursing,18(4), 454. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/openview/a08461afbf5f09c6c4472fb56e91dad7/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=33118 Gaki, E., Kontodimopoulos, N., Niakas, D. (2013). Investigating demographic, work?related and job satisfaction variables as predictors of motivation in Greek nurses.Journal of nursing management,21(3), 483-490. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01413.x Ganster, D. C., Rosen, C. C. (2013). Work stress and employee health: A multidisciplinary review.Journal of Management,39(5), 1085-1122. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0149206313475815 Griffiths, P., DallOra, C., Simon, M., Ball, J., Lindqvist, R., Rafferty, A. M., ... Aiken, L. H. (2014). Nurses shift length and overtime working in 12 European countries: the association with perceived quality of care and patient safety.Medical care,52(11), 975. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000233 Gross, E. (2017). Work, organization, and stress.SocialStress. Chicago: Aldine. GrossWork, organization and stress54Social Stress1970, 54-110. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=cEMrDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA54dq=Gross,+E.+(2017).+Work,+organization,+and+stress.+SocialStress.+Chicago:+Aldine.+GrossWork,+organization+and+stress54Social+Stress1970,+54-110.ots=4eIqHjGL9lsig=H4yXzVt_0CVFIj8TlDqrCytK_7g#v=onepageqf=false Harris, R., Sims, S., Parr, J., Davies, N. (2015). Impact of 12h shift patterns in nursing: a scoping review.International journal of nursing studies,52(2), 605-634. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.10.014 Hassard, J., Teoh, K., Cox, T., Dewe, P., Cosmar, M., Grndler, R., ... Van den Broek, K. (2014). Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks, p.25. Retrieved from: https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/31143/1/PubSub8693_Hassard.pdf Jamieson, I., Kirk, R., Wright, S., Andrew, C. (2015). Generation Y New Zealand Registered Nurses views about nursing work: a survey of motivation and maintenance factors.Nursing open,2(2), 49-61. DOI: 10.1002/nop2.16 Jennings, N., Clifford, S., Fox, A. R., OConnell, J., Gardner, G. (2015). The impact of nurse practitioner services on cost, quality of care, satisfaction and waiting times in the emergency department: a systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,52(1), 421-435. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.07.006 Khamisa, N., Peltzer, K., Oldenburg, B. (2013). Burnout in relation to specific contributing factors and health outcomes among nurses: a systematic review.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(6), 2214-2240. Doi:10.3390/ijerph10062214 Kuo, H. T., Lin, K. C., Li, I. C. (2014). The mediating effects of job satisfaction on turnover intention for long?term care nurses in Taiwan.Journal of nursing management,22(2), 225-233. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12044 Leow, M. Q., Chan, S. W. (2017). The challenges, emotions, coping, and gains of family caregivers caring for patients with advanced cancer in Singapore: a qualitative study.Cancer nursing,40(1), 22-30. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00405-017-4453-7 Lesuffleur, T., Chastang, J. F., Sandret, N., Niedhammer, I. (2014). Psychosocial factors at work and sickness absence: results from the French National SUMER Survey.American journal of industrial medicine,57(6), 695-708. DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22317 Lin, S. H., Liao, W. C., Chen, M. Y., Fan, J. Y. (2014). The impact of shift work on nurses' job stress, sleep quality and self?perceived health status.Journal of nursing management,22(5), 604-612. DOI: 10.1111/jonm.12020 Munabi, I. G., Buwembo, W., Kitara, D. L., Ochieng, J., Mwaka, E. S. (2014). Musculoskeletal disorder risk factors among nursing professionals in low resource settings: a cross-sectional study in Uganda.BMC nursing,13(1), 7. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-13-7 Neville, K., Cole, D. A. (2013). The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(6), 348-354. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182942c23 Penkunas, M. J., Chan, A. W., Wong, C. H., de Korne, D. F., Tan, S. M., Wong, S. F. (2016). The Role of a Multicomponent Home-Health Intervention in Reducing Caregiver Stress in Singapore: A Qualitative Study.Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, gbw008. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw008 Sacco, T. L., Ciurzynski, S. M., Harvey, M. E., Ingersoll, G. L. (2015). Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue among critical care nurses.Critical care nurse,35(4), 32-42. Retrieved from: https://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/35/4/32.short Sans, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., Benito, E. (2015). Palliative care professionals' inner life: exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death.Journal of pain and symptom management,50(2), 200-207. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.02.013 Selamu, M., Thornicroft, G., Fekadu, A., Hanlon, C. (2017). Conceptualisation of job-related wellbeing, stress and burnout among healthcare workers in rural Ethiopia: a qualitative study.BMC health services research,17(1), 412. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2370-5 Sorenson, C., Bolick, B., Wright, K., Hamilton, R. (2016). Understanding compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A review of current literature.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,48(5), 456-465. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12229 Steinmetz, S., de Vries, D. H., Tijdens, K. G. (2014). Should I stay or should I go? The impact of working time and wages on retention in the health workforce.Human resources for health,12(1), 23. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-12-23 Volpe, U., Luciano, M., Palumbo, C., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Fiorillo, A. (2014). Risk of burnout among early career mental health professionals.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(9), 774-781. DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12137 Zboril-Benson, L. R. (2016). Why nurses are calling in sick: the impact of health-care restructuring.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(4). Retrieved from: https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/view/1660

Mixed Economy free essay sample

The term that would best describe these businesses would be a mixed economy (socialism and capitalism). A company that does compete in larger contract work will look at long term goals, meaning how long is this contract for, what services or goods will we be provided. Than that company will have their contract personnel do their estimating of figures for manpower, tools, equipment, services, etc. to win the contract so that their company would win the bid for that contract. These companies will start hiring new employees to have the necessary personnel with the skill set to fulfill the contracts’ mission. Many large businesses may win multiple bids with the federal government (departments, agencies or military) which plays a big role in the competition for specific contracts. These businesses may develop or expand their goods and services to keep the flexibility for the company’s growth to keep winning future contracts with the federal government. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixed Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are various industries that have been growing continuously but a few that have been growing quickly in the past few years; medical, aviation, military, electronics, information technology or engineering support. The Information Technology industry has been a big part and demand in every industry that needs and requires technical support, especially in most businesses that rely on computer networks. Whether small, medium or large companies’, computers will be the mainstream that will always need to have a person or company to troubleshoot, maintain and manage their networks to an optimal performance. Recently â€Å"Boeing and the government of Qatar signed an agreement on July 21st. for the purchase of the C-17 Globemaster III air lifter to provide new strategic-airlift mobility capabilities for the Qatar Armed Forces (QAF). Qatar will sign a Foreign Military Sales agreement for contractor logistics support with the U. S. Air Force†. The following corporations have been competing in government and military contracts for awhile are: Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, ManTech and Boeing.

The Most Important Characteristic Successful People †Communications Essay

The Most Important Characteristic Successful People – Communications Essay Free Online Research Papers The Most Important Characteristic Successful People Communications Essay There are many factors that people should remember in order to be successful. Making effort, trying hard, keeping up the positive attitude, and being intelligent can be included in those factors. Of all these requirements, I would say that having positive attitude is the most important characteristic of people who want to be successful. In the following essay, I will further explain as to why I think so. To begin with, being positive lets you be confident, which eventually leads to become what you want. For instance, lets say a middle school student failed her mid term exam. If she is not an affirmative person, she would probably give up and do not study anymore for her final test. However, if she has a positive attitude toward every situation she confronts, she will try harder and possibly get a better score next time. Which case will bring a brighter result? Next, having a positive attitude can let people be healthy, which is also essential to live successful lives. Negative people are subject to get tired and worried easily, which distract their healthy conditions. On the contrary, people who are affirmative will quickly forget about their problems and try a new attempt. Clearly, positive people are much healthier than those who are not and therefore are easier to become what they want. To sum up, I believe that the most important characteristic for people to be successful is having positive attitudes all the time. It can help people to be confident and healthy, which are two very important factors that determine people whether to achieve their goals or not. In reality, there are numerous people who easily give up just because they failed to do something. However, I think they should know that giving up is the worst thing they can do in order to be successful. I hope people will be aware of the importance of having positive attitude and take a closer step to their future dreams. Research Papers on The Most Important Characteristic Successful People - Communications EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicGenetic EngineeringThe Hockey GameQuebec and CanadaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Critique A Piece of String Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique A Piece of String - Essay Example Hauchecome became worried and reached the mayor’s office. Through mayor, he came to know that he had been accused of stealing of wallet, which contained 500 francs and some important documents. Hauchecome tried to prove his innocence but the facts and proofs went against him. Malandain was the person who told mayor that he had seen Hauchecome picking up a wallet from the ground. Watching the situation getting tense, Hauchecome walked back to the outskirts of the town to find the wallet. In the meantime, someone else found the wallet and returned it to the mayor. Hauchecome became happy with the news and came back to his town. However, people did not welcome him. They still considered him accused of theft. It was a very upsetting situation for him because he had lost his respect in his town. The story ended with the death of Hauchecome. The concept revealed through story is that a person cannot clear himself in front of the society once he becomes accused of doing something

The Ethical Issues and Social Responsibility of Corporate Management Research Paper

The Ethical Issues and Social Responsibility of Corporate Management at Ford - Research Paper Example Since its production, people have been curious and apprehensive about this Ford Pinto model as it has low capacity and safety measures, catching fire, particularly after a rear-end collision. The specific case of the three teenagers received media attention primarily because the company was charged with criminal conduct and murder, not simply negligence. Connected to this case were the several other pending civil cases against Ford for this particular problem. Larger of the problems that Ford faced was that of corporate social responsibility where ethical concerns included conducting successful and people-oriented business in today’s time (Ethics and the Individual, n.d). The paper talks about this ethical concern that Ford faced and the ethical decisions it took to cater to this issue at hand. Furthermore, the paper also discusses the various alternative actions that the company could have taken to cater to this ethical dilemma at hand. The Ethical Issues in the Case and the Approach used by Coordinator The various ethical concerns at hand that this case identifies include the launch of Ford Pinto with complete knowledge that the product was faulty and prone to problems such as the fuel tank catching fire after a slow rear-end collision with any other car. This ethical concern is magnified by the forty or so civil and one criminal case against Ford Motor Company based on this problem identified in the car. The cars had specifically been tested to evaluate whether the fuel tank was faulty and it was discovered that out of eleven cars, eight cars had ruptured fuel tanks which caught fire. This problem is complicated further by the fact that Ford decided to launch its Ford Pinto in two years, which is one year and six months earlier than the regular time span it took for the product to be put in the market, from a conception of the product. The product was out in the market and it implies that the coordinator had a clear idea on the failures of the product and yet launched it in the market with this explicit knowledge (The Revised Trevino & Nelson 8-step model, n.d). In the ethical case elucidated above, the philosophical approach that the coordinator used in this case was the justice or fairness approach. This approach implies the principal taught by Aristotle that equals are to be treated equally while unequal should be treated unequally. In this respect, the moral question is that whether the actions taken by the coordinator were fair and whether these actions treated everyone similarly or in a similar manner or not. The case indicates that the coordinator launched the product despite knowing its faults and problems, thus showing discriminatory behavior towards the other stakeholders of the product (Andre, Meyer, Shanks & Velasquez, 1996). The Stakeholders for the Dilemma It is pertinent to study the various stakeholders and their relationship to the case as it will help us in evaluating which stakeholders had the most negative ef fect from the launch and running of Ford Pintos in the market. The first and foremost were the users of Ford Pinto who either drove the Ford Pinto or were passengers in the car. The negative effect for them was that any small accident particularly involving the rear end of the Ford Pinto, would result in a ruptured fuel tank and possibly a fire which could be dangerous to these stakeholders.

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion Essay Example for Free

Dr. Henry Jekyll (and Mr.Hyde) was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion Essay Dr. Henry Jekyll was born in to a society of morality, respectability and religion. It was believed that progress could only be made if everyone was self-disciplined and moralistic. Authors such as Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help guides. All this was aimed to help the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. In an age of stern, industrious hypocrites, respect was everything to the upper and middle classes. People denied themselves alcohol, gambling and prostitution to gain the respect of others. Jekyll refers to these denied as pleasures. People lived without these pleasures but soon began to wonder what they were missing. This brought about the slum adventurers. These were middle and upper class men who wanted to keep the respect of their society but, through anonymity, still indulge in the pleasures the poor slums had to offer. They would work by day in their offices and at night would journey down to the alleys of the slums. A person such as Mr Utterson, a London lawyer who does not wish to indulge in pleasures is of a vicarious nature. It is noticed that though he enjoyed the theatre, [he] had not crossed the doors of one in twenty years. It is this vicariousness that helps him solve the case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde. Utterson is the opposite of Jekyll in the way that Utterson keeps the respectability of the Victorian society, whereas Jekyll rebels. The rebellious nature of Jekyll leads him to discover how to transform his appearance. Dr. Lanyon, a respectable conventional doctor of Victorian society frowns on Jekyll mostly secret work, which he refers to as unscientific balderdash. In the beginning it is difficult for us to feel sympathy for Dr. Jekyll: he is acting by his own conscience. At this current stage, he is in no way addicted to Mr. Hyde. Even the sight of Mr. Hyde pale and dwarfish who gave the impression of deformity but with no nameable malformation, according to Mr. Utterson, who had taken a loathing to my gentleman at first sight, should have forced Jekyll to recognise that Hyde was evil. It is very difficult to feel sympathy for Jekyll after we are told about when Hyde trampled calmly over a young girls body. Normally after this event anyone else would have ceased his transformation into Hyde. But Jekyll starts to become addicted to taking the drugs (as with modern addictions) and continues to turn into Hyde even after trampling the girl. As if trampling the girl was not a big enough deterrent Hyde brutally murders Sir Danvers Carew. Jekyll, knowing what had happened, easily accepts it and shifts the blame to Hyde. He shows this in Dr Jekylls full statement of the case, it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone that is guilty. The ease at which he accepts this and shifts the blame could almost be inhuman. But after he discovers that he begins to change into Hyde spontaneously, without the drug we see he is very self centred and selfish, I must have stared upon it half a minuteI rushed to the mirror my blood was something exquisitely thin and icy. Even though Jekyll is selfish about this, not mentioning what a terrible thing that he made now controls. We can feel some sympathy for knowing that he is trapped and at anytime Hyde might emerge over which Jekyll has no control. Alternatively we can have sympathy for a man that failed to have foreseen what would happen and stopped the process as soon as possible. But he continued to satisfy his need for the pleasures which otherwise eluded him. It is also very difficult to feel sorry for someone who knows and remembers what happens, but does not take action to prevent it. My two natures had memory in common. Surely the memories of the girl and Carew should be painful enough to force any sane and humane person to put a stop to Hydes actions. Hyde goes into hiding after Carews murder in fear of being hung, should he be caught. This removes a lot of the sympathy we may otherwise feel towards Jekyll at this point, as yet again he shows signs of being selfish and putting himself before everyone else. Some of this sympathy is regained when he is in hiding, he begins to show genuine remorse for Carews death. In the statement of the case, Jekyll finally admits to Hydes evil by saying It was no longer the fear of the gallows, it was the horror of being Hyde that racked me. This shows that Jekyll has become altruistic. Jekyll has now begun to put himself after everyone. He now excepts the he must not let Hyde free again for fear of him committing more evil. It is now we finally begin to feel sympathy and start to respect Jekyll for trying to put a stop to Hyde. Finally Jekyll commits suicide to save the world from the terror and evil Hyde could unleash. This gains him the greatest respect and sympathy. He took his life to save others from the extreme evil he had inadvertently created. He finally takes ultimate responsibility and puts a stop to Hyde. In conclusion I think that Jekyll was a victim of Victorian society where respect was everything. In some parts it is hard to offer our sympathy but his final act was one that one must respect and offer sympathy for the pain Jekyll went through. As we have seen restricting things from people can only bring out the bad side of them, as Jekyll explains, My devil had been long caged, he came out roaring. Personal freedom is one of our greatest assets and one we take very much for granted.

The Road to Freedomâ€the Underground Railroad Essay -- Slavery South Pa

The Road to Freedom—the Underground Railroad Introduction "Many times I have suffered in the cold, in beating rains pouring in torrents from the watery clouds, in the midst of the impetuosity of the whirlwinds and wild tornadoes leading on my company—not to the field of...war...but to the land of impartial freedom, where the bloody lash was not buried in the quivering flesh of a slave...." (7,p.i). Such were the conditions of the Underground Railroad. It was a fictitous railroad but served the same purpose: to transport people from one place to another. This railroad, however, was not sanctioned by any government, in fact if it had been discovered many would have died. The Underground Railroad was a huge risk. If you used it, and were caught, you could die. For some that was better than being treated like pack animals or breeding animals by their southern owners. That was a risk they chose to take and conditions they must endure. The Underground railroad was a means by which slaves in the south could escape to the north and to freedom. The pioneers of the railroad went back to help their brothers and sisters in bondage. Many of them were leaders, or conductors that led others to freedom and risked theirs to do it again and again. National Standards This particular subject deals a lot with maps. Understanding the Underground Railroad means understanding maps and spatial organiation. The journeyers, themselves, had to know, distinctly, where north was or which way to follow the Ohio River. A reader will glean an understanding of the people that chose to journey on the railroad. They were fierce believers in freedom, willing to die for it. From this paper, readers will be able to define differe... ... 2. History and Geography of the Underground Railroad. 199?. http://www.niica.on.ca/csonan/UNDERGROUND.htm (April 14, 1998). 3. May, Ilana, Mark Beigel, and Lenny Hothchild. The Underground Railroad in Rochester, New York. http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/ugrr/home.html (April 14, 1998) 4. National Park Service Study: Taking the Train to Freedom. 1998. http://www.nps.gov/undergroundrr/contents.htm (April 14, 1998). 5. Quarles, Benjamin. Black Abolitionists. Oxford Universoty Press: New York, 1969. 6. Siebert, Wilbur H. The Underground Railroad. Arno Press and The New York Times: New York, 1968. 7. Smedley, R.C. History of the Underground Railroad. Arno Press and The New York Times: New York, 1969. 8. Weisberger, Bernard A. Abolitionism: Disrupter of the Democratic System or Agent of Progress? Rand McNally & Company: Chicago, 1963.

Nature of the Consumer Decision Making Essay

Introduction Now more than ever in such a highly competitive business world were each product and service offered is competing with similar and alternative products, it is crucial from the businesses point of view that their product or service is of the highest standard possible. Correctly marketed a product could be infinitely successful, whilst on the other hand a poorly marketed product could be the death of it. From a marketers perspective it is them making the product what it is, from deciding consumer’s wants and needs, to interpreting these in an end product that satisfies these needs. In order for this to happen marketers must take into account the vast amount of cognitive processes the consumer goes through before, during and after making a purchase. This report provides a view into the consumer’s decision making process, looking more depth into the role motivation plays in these decisions and the various theoretical model frameworks that are used in this process. The repor t will also outline how a marketer can use this knowledge to assist consumers in their purchasing choices and decisions throughout the report when applicable. The consumer decision making process Four views of consumer decision making The consumer decision making process is one that the consumer makes when making a purchase. There are different models that have been produced in time to support this idea, with four generalist views of consumer decision making, each highlighting different variables. These are the ‘Economic view’ which focuses on the idea that the consumer makes decisions based on rational behaviour, i.e. cost verse benefits, will I get a good enough product service for my money?. Another view that marketers hold is the ‘passive view’ in which opposes the economic view by believing consumers to be submissive to all marketers input, stating that consumers are impulsive buyers, easily manipulated with marketing efforts. Thirdly is the ‘Emotional view’ which may be seen as irrational behaviour based on feelings rather than any logical reasoning, i.e. decisions based on love, hope, sexuality etc. Fourth and probably the most prolific one would be the ‘5 stage (cognitive process)’. The 5 stage process outlines the cognitive procedure consumers go through when making decisions. Marketers will often refer to  this model when considering how to effectively influence the consumer’s choices. It shows that more consideration goes into the decision making process than just a purchase decision and even continues post-purchase. Although the consumer does not always necessarily follow each stage, sometimes they may skip stages when making more impulsive decisions or routine purchases. For example when considering this model it would be naà ¯ve to think the consumer will put the same amount of thought into buying a pack of chewing gum at a newsagent to buying a new car. The purchase of chewing gum is generally an impulsive decision that does not require much previous thought, whereas the purchase of a car is less routine and requires a lot of thought into varying factors such as cost verses benefits. (Consumer Decision Making Process, 2008) Schiffman and Kanuk describe the process as being viewed in 3 distinct but interlocking stages, the input stage, process stage and output stage. Below is an extended model of this process, which includes external influences and psychological factors. Figure 1 External Influences Before the consumer even has the thought of making a purchase, they are already influenced by two sources subconsciously, the first being the firms marketing efforts (the four P’s) which creates an awareness for the product via marketers attempts to inform and persuade the consumer through products, promotion, price and channels of distribution . Secondly, sociological influences reveal an underlying fundamental need to fit in to certain social groups, lifestyles, cultures etc. that are not directly commercially related i.e. A neighbour or friend owning a product that an individual likes, therefore perhaps creating a want for it. Consumer decision making model The decision making model as shown in figure 1 could reflect not only the cognitive view to decision making, but also the emotional view as it incorporates various socio-cultural input (as previously mentioned) that could be described as emotional based, and also psychological processes(discussed later)involved when actually making the decision. Looking at figure 1 the first stage of the decision process is the ‘need  recognition’, this is where the consumer realises a need for something. This could come from perhaps running out of something and needing more, or receiving information on a product from an external source that leads them to want it. This would logically then lead the consumer to the second part of the process ‘the pre-purchase search’, this is the point where the consumer begins to process the thought of what product may satisfy their need, they may base their ideas on previous experience and memories (psychological factors), or may opt to s earch for useful information to help in their decision (basic internet search). At this point the consumer is drawing up information from external sources and at the same time has psychological factors influencing their decision. i.e.Consumer’smotivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes. Solomon (2006) addresses the fact to how much actual searching takes place, stating that younger, better educated people will spend more time searching/fact finding before making a decision in comparison to an older person, who has less available channels to search. He also says that women are more inclined to research products. A generalisation that is worth keeping in mind from a marketer’s perspective as based on this theory it would be logical to focus marketing efforts at these for a more effective result. For example it would not be cost-efficient for a business to waste money trying to advertise a product to a social group that tends to have limited internet access, i.e. older people. The third stage of the process ‘the evaluation of alternatives’ is probably the longest part of the decision making process in terms of time as the consumer has multiple factors to consider. At this point the consumer, given previous knowledge built up in the previous stage, now has to filter from the potentially hundreds of available possibilities. Perhaps using basic cost v benefits and perceived risk of alternatives, or even more complicated cognitive processes requiring more effort. The considered sets of choices are known as the ‘evoked set’ The fourth stage enters the output area of the decision making process, this is where the consumer has made a decision and makes the purchase from the set of possibilities acknowledged in the ‘evoked set’, this would be classed as a ‘trial purchase’ as the consumer has not previously tested the product. The other type of purchase would be the ‘repeat purchase’ in which the consumer skips steps of the process because they already have a want for the product due to already  using it and needing more (brand loyalty). Once purchased the next and final stage of the process would be ‘the post purchase evaluation’, consumers now evaluate their purchase decision, deciding whether they are totally happy with the product, or perhaps would have preferred one of the alternatives. At this point it is vital for the marketers to make sure the consumers feels they made the right decision in choosing their product, as next time they will take their business elsewhere. Psychological factors The psychological factors in the human psyche that influence the input stage of the model are key tools that a marketer can use to utilise their relationship with the consumer. A good understanding of each can help the marketer focus efforts based around the consumer’s way of thinking. Consumer Personality – this is what separates humans and reflects individual differences, personality is always consistent and enduring. Sigmund Freud famously split the complex subject into three interacting parts, ID, Superego and Ego. The ID being your basic needs (hunger, thirst and sex). Superego being the way the people act out their primitive needs in a socially acceptable manner (restraining impulsive ID feelings). Lastly the Ego is the consumer’s conscious ability to control the demands and constraints of the previous two. Freud believed that an individual’s successfulness in tackling each stage will in turn reflect personality. For example a person can be fixated in later life through a dissatisfaction of needs in development stages in early life. i.e. if a child does not feel loved when developing it could leave them striving to feel it in later life, or perhaps opposing this lead them to not seek love due to not experiencing it (a defining characteristic in any personality). From a marketers opinion a person could be easily manipulated in later life due to decisions they have made in earlier stages. Consumer Perception – â€Å"†¦the active psychological process in which stimuli are selected and organised into meaningful patterns†, (Buchanan, 1991). Perception is how humans interpret information they make pick up through sensations like sight, taste, hearing, smell and touch, and then respond to accordingly to create a perception. For example from the marketer’s perspective, it is crucial that the perception of their product or service to the consumer is good i.e. effective stimul i,  as if the consumer gains a bad perception of a good they will not wish to purchase. Marketers can seek to improve brand perception through trials i.e. if consumer enjoys the product they will re-purchase based on previous experience. This would be one example of assisting a consumer in a purchase. Consumer Learning – refers to a human’s capacity to pick up knowledge, through information or experience on a product, directly or indirectly i.e. a consumer does not have to have tried a product to have a perceived familiarity with it, they may know somebody who has a familiarity and has told them about it, given them enough of an understanding to either like or dislike it. The general idea that when a product is completely unknown to the consumer that the quality of it is reflected in price. Consumer Attitudes – An attitude in marketing terms is defined as a general evaluation of a product or service formed over time (Solomon, 2008). An attitude satisfies a personal motive—and at the same time, affects the shopping and buying habits of consumers. Dr. Lars Perner (2010) (Understanding Consumer Attitudes, 2010). For the marketers it is up to them to understand why certain attitudes exist and either work with them or seek to change them. Consumer Motivation – defined by Schiffman and Kanuk (2010) as being ‘the driving force within individuals that impels them to action’. It could be referred to as the processes that cause people to behave as they do, from a psychological need to how they seek to satisfy it. Marketers can use identified motives to develop a better marketing mix giving them a better targeted marketing strategy. The role of motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Dr Abraham Maslow formulated this hierarchy of needs as a theory behind how human motivation works, a theory now widely accepted. Similarly to Freudian beliefs (the ID) that basic physiological needs have to be fulfilled in order to reach higher satisfaction. i.e. food, water, air, shelter and sex. Generally these needs are satisfied by the majority (unless homeless, then these would be entire needs). Once satisfied the next stage would lead to safety needs not only physical safety but also safety in terms of finance, stability, education etc. Once an individual believes the previous needs are  met they then consider social needs. These needs include love, affection and acceptance, all of which are socially desired by everyone as we are motivated to find good relationships. Once these needs are generally met, the ego needs of human nature come into play. The ego needs can be of two types, inward directed i.e. self-esteem, success, personal satisfaction, or outwardly directed ego ne eds such as prestige, status and reputation. The ultimate need is for humans to reach self-fulfilment, to become the best of their potential (according to Maslow this need is rarely satisfied because generally ego needs are not fully satisfied) Alderfer (1972) describes there being two types of needs, a basic need (innate), innate needs being the basic level of needs relating to survival i.e. hunger, thirst and sex, and also Acquired needs which are picked up in life as a response to the environment and cultures. A theory echoed by Freud and also Maslow. Although Alderfer revised the latter stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs by realising some of the middle stages overlap, confusion of these needs could lead a marketer to appeal to the wrong type of consumer. So Alderfer changed Maslow’s five stage process into a more simple three stage one, which is similar in the fact it represents levels of needs (pyramid). Although Alderfer’s model states that humans may be motivated by more than one need and non-reliant of satisfaction of each need for progression i.e. an artist who may place growth needs above existence. An article by Mark Rodgers called ‘Challenging Maslow’ refers to the period of time in which Maslow has created this theory on motivation, stating that given the time in which it was created would not depict modern views to human motivation. Rodgers believes that Maslow produced his theory in a time when his home country had just emerged from a world war and out of the greatest depression of the 20th century, needs at this time would be lower as in physiological and safety. Whereas nowadays with more than 50 years of economic growth, the average person enjoys a more stable lifestyle and allows them to have higher focused needs such as egoistic and self-actualization. (Rodgers, 2004) How marketers can apply understanding of these processes and motivation to assist consumers in purchasing decisions Developing on what has been previously touched upon it would be a fair  judgement to say that marketers have the ability to manipulate consumers entirely. Once they have understood consumers’ needs and wants they can use them again when producing a marketing plan to reposition a product or perhaps launch another. Using theories such as Maslow’s, marketers can advertise to specific motivational needs, using powerful marketing tools such as advertising. Advertisements are cues used to arouse needs, marketers therefore creates ads to aid consumer choices. Advertising techniques can attract attention by appealing to needs (innate) or perhaps having such an image to create a new need or desire (acquired). They can advertise a product to directly stimulate levels of motivation i.e. Maslow’s self-fulfilment or Freud’s super ego through making a product seem visually emphasised as a certain amount of perfection which would satisfy top level needs. Physiological arousal can be used to stimulate consumers most basic needs, for example a visually ‘sexy’ advertisement would attract the attention of most adults, or perhaps an advertisement of a new burger at a fast food chain would focus to basic biogenic hunger needs. Cleverly marketed an advert can appeal to multiple needs, making a product seem vital for a consumer to own as it is seen as satisfying many needs, creating a strong chance of consumers purchasing this product. Looking into an emotional arousal view of marketing it can be seen that a lot of charity based organisations use emotional advertising to trigger a sad response from the audience. For example an advert seeking to create an awareness and revenue for starving children of third world countries would seek to discomfort the viewer by highlighting their struggle to find satisfaction of their biological needs and contrast this with our perhaps unnecessary ego and self-fulfilment needs. This in turn triggers an emotional response, and perhaps self-disappointment which would lead the individual to donate sympathetically. Conclusion To conclude, there has been a build-up of various consumer decision based theory and framework in this report that helps give an understanding to how the processes work, leading into motivation and various theory and models behind them. The theory can be applied directly when producing a marketing mix or segmenting the market, as it offers a clear insight into how the  human mind operates when considering purchase decisions. Another key aspect of marketing, by gaining an understanding of the consumers wants and needs before creating a product and marketing campaign that could ultimately fail and cause substantial losses financially. Marketers nowadays have to be at the top of their game due to flooded markets with similar products they have to be able to communicate the benefits of their product to the consumer and how it may differentiate from competitors. Marketers have the ability to create a want for a product that would not previously have been desired and therefore have the ability to manipulate people’s needs throughout their lifetimes through this incredibly strong tool and the added benefit of ease of distribution channels of information through advancements in modern day technology.

What Makes a Child Disadvantaged Essay - 2815 Words

What Makes a Child Disadvantaged Disadvantaged children tend to be slightly ignored when one thinks of education. However, they are individuals just like any other child and they should be given the same opportunities that all children have. Poverty is a huge problem in many areas of the world. MacQueen states â€Å"poverty puts children behind from birth, and keeps them behind for life (2003).† If a child is in a household with little money, they may lack â€Å"the stable home in a safe neighbourhood, adequate nutrition, and the kind of involved parenting† that would be influential on the correct and desired development of the young child (MacQueen, 2003). Children with handicaps, whether they are physical or mental, also fit into the†¦show more content†¦17). These experiences can hopefully spark a child’s interest in learning. The effects of early childhood educational programs, both short and long-term, for all children are remarkable. Some assume that children with disabilities cannot get the full experience and that they cannot take advantage of those experiences that they would encounter in a preschool type program. On the other hand, a study done by Lamorey and Bricker found that â€Å"children with disabilities enrolled in integrated early childhood programs demonstrated higher lever of social play and more appropriate social interactions, and were more likely to initiate interactions with peers† (Diamond, 1994, par. 2). Gains in socialization and interaction with peers are just the beginning of the effects that these ‘early intervention’ type programs have on children (Smith, 1988, par. 1). Even though some may believe that disadvantaged students may get socially abused in a preschool type program, the social development of the disadvantaged child can be one of the most influential effects that these programs can have on the student. Any one person can tell from experience that children who have any type of disadvantage tend to be either secluded from the rest of society or to be more antisocial and isolated. In a study called the Ypsilanti Perry PreschoolShow MoreRelatedControversy Raised Over Section 12 Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesSome controversies raised over Section 12(1)(c) and (2) of the Act, which require private, unaided schools to admit at least 25% of students from SCs, STs, low-income and other disadvantaged or weaker groups. The Act stated that these schools shall be reimbursed for either their tuition charge or the per-student expenditure in government schools, whichever is lower. After the Act was notified on April 1, 2010, the Society for Unaided P rivate Schools of Rajasthan filed a writ petition challengingRead MoreHIV Prevention for Indigent Communities Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pages Imagine a world where an innocent child is given HIV due to mother to child transmission. 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